Medieval Time Lines

CHRONOLOGICAL
REVIEW of MEDIEVAL TIMES

Listed for historical knowledge, but not included are most church nobles and their bulls or diets, as well as many of the plagues that wrecked havoc, and most minor royalty or noble
comings and goings unless their desires significantly impacted history.

European History

Antiquity                              B.C---3^rd  c.      Roman Times
Dark Ages                            5th---10^thc.     Fall of Rome until Civilization begins
Charlemagne’s Empire                  8^th c.      Christianity/Germanic Laws
Middle Ages                         5^th---14^th c.      Feudalism & Tenure reign
High Middle Ages                 11^th--14th c.      Crusades and Churches
Renaissance                        14^th--16^th c.     Exploration towards modern world
     Old World                        1492                Europe before discovery of Americas
High Renaissance                1490-1520         Italy’s rebirth of the Arts
TUDOR Age                         1485-1603         From Welsh Squire Owen Tudor
Elizabethan Age                  1558-1603         Queen Elizabeth I of England

                           B.C. History

1275 Israelites leave Egypt‘s oppression to wander the desert.
1221 Egypt is invaded by the Libyans who are defeated.
1200 Inland Danubian culture and coastal Terramares are part of Slovenia.
1193 Troy in Asia Minor falls to the Greeks during the Trojan battle.
1146 Nebuchadnezzar I is king of Babylon.
1122 Chou dynasty rules China.
1000 Iron Age in Europe begins.
926    Palestine is invaded by Egypt.
        Germanic tribes appear in northern Germany.
900    Celtic people begin inhabiting England.
          First Italian towns are established .
814    Carthage is founded in North Africa by Phonenician refugees.
878    Assyria’s Emperor takes over eastern Mediterranean coast.
776 Greece inaugurates the Olympic games.
710    Ethopia conquers Egypt.
753 Romulus was elected as the first Rex (king) of Rome (753-716)
658    Byzantium is founded by Greeks from Megara.
612    Assyria’s capital of Nineveh falls to the Medes and Chaldeans with the
          Assyrian empire following as well.
597    Jerusalem falls to king Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon.
500    Adriatic Veneti dwelling in northeast Italy and parts of Slovenis.
550    Persia’s new king Cyrus unites Persia with the Medes and other tribes.
549    Armenia becomes a province under Persia.
509    Roman senate overthrows it’s last king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, for
          being a tyrannical dictator, dissolves monarchy declaring Rome is
          a republic. Lucius Brutus and Lucius Collatinus were made Consuls
          (chief magistrates elected annually). After 10 years Senate
          institutes office of Dictatorship adding two more called Rex Sanctorum
          (highest authority), Pontifex Maximus (religious).
495    Chinese philosopher Confucius resigns as Prime Minister to teach his
          ideals which his most famous golden rule is still honored today; what
          you do not like done to yourself, do not do to others.
480    Leonidas of Greece and three-hundred Spartans hold against Persian
          ruler Xerxes army of two-hundred thousand during the battle of
          Thermoplae.
400    The origins of London begin, built by the Celtic King Belin.
300    Nomad tribes begin to occupy northern China.
200    Celtic Tene begins to inhabit Sleven territory.
211    Roman Republic begins at the Julian Alps.
100    Romans conquer Histria.
90      Insurrectionists form republic of Italia at capital Corfinium, war for next
          three years against Rome.
86      Athens falls to Rome.
62      Florence Italy is founded on Arnor River in Tuscany.
58      Julius Caesar invades Gaul.
55      Julius Caesar visits England.
50      Cologne if founded on the left bank of the Rhine river.
48      Norican’s side with Rome Emperor Julius Caesar in civil war against
          Pompey.
21     Regensburg founded on the Danube in Gaul, later will be part of
          Bavaria

1^st Century A.D---Ancient History

5        Lombard tribes inhabiting lower part of the Elbe river are defeated by
          Roman legions.
9        Battle of the Teutoburger Wald (forest) secures boundary and
          independence from Rome of the German Teutonic tribes.
11      General Germanicus secures Germania Rhine and Inferior.
14      Augustus dies, Tiberius becomes Rome’s Emperor.
15      General Germanicus wars against the Germanic tribes.
25      Caesar Germanicus adopts nephew Castor as his heir.
26      Tiberius goes to Capri to rule by proxy.
28      Frissi tribe rebel against Rome taxes.
37      Caligula becomes Roman Emperor.
41      Caludius becomes Roman Emperor.
43      Claudius orders Rome to invade Britain, sending Aulus Plautius to head
          an army of 40,000 men. Emperor Claudius orders England invaded.
54      Nero become Roman Emperor.
60      Queen Boudica of the Iceni rebels against Britain, devastating it.
64      Emperor Nero blames the great fire of Rome on the Christians and
          begins first persecutions.
66      Jews rebel in Judea.
68      Emperor Nero commits suicide, ending his Julio-caludian dynasty.
          Galba becomes Emperor.
69      Leader Civillis of the Batavii rebel against the Roman Empire.
          Emperor Galba is assassinated.
71      Rome settles Britain and conquers Wales and Scotland.
79      Titus Flavius becomes Roman Emperor.
          Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneum.
80      Fire partially destroys Rome.
90      Imperial Roman provinces establish Germania Superior and Germania
          Inferior.

2^nd Century---Ancient History

101     Roman first Dacian war.
102     Roman Caesar Trajan resigns.
105     Second Dacian war erupts, Decebalus commits suicide and Dacia becomes a province.
106     Roman Caesar Trajan defeats Dacia’s (Romania) king, making it a province under Rome.
115     Jews rebel in Egypt.
117     Roman Emperor Trajan dies. Publius Aelius Hadrianus becomes
           Roman Emperor Hadrian.
122     Roman Emperor Hadrian begins construction of wall to keep Scotts out of England.
138     Roman Emperor Hadrian dies, Antoninus Pius becomes Roman Emperor.
140     Roman Emperor Antoninus conquers Scotland, begins construction of Antonine Wall.
161     Marcua Aurelius becomes Roman Emperor.
162     Roman general Lucius Verus defeats the Parthian Empire.
167     Dacia is invaded by the Marcomanni tribe cossing the Danube.
           Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius wars against the Marcomanni.
180     Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius dies. Commodus becomes Roman Emperor.
193     Roman Emperor Commodus assassinated, Pertinax is Roman Emperor for two-months.
           Septimius Severus becomes Roman Emperor.
196     Byzantiu sacked by Emperor Septimius becoming a mere village again.
197     Emperor Septimius Severus secures throne in battle of Lugdunum against Pescennius and Clodius.
198     Roman Emperor Septimius invades Parthia.

3^rd Century---Ancient History

200     Japanese empress Jingu sends fleet to invade Lorea.
           Huns invade Afphanistan.
211     Roman Emperor Septimius dies, son Caracalls becomes Emperor.
217     Roman Emperor Caracalla assassinated, Marcrinus becomes Emperor.
218     Elagabalus usurps the throne form Caracalla.
222     Roman Emperor Elagabalus assassinated, Alexander Severus becomes Emperor.
231     Rome wars against Persia.
235     Roman Emperor Alexander killed, Maximinus Thrax becomes Emperor.
238     Gordian III becomes Roman Emperor.
241     Rome is victorious over Persians at Resania.
244     Rome defeated at Misiche.
           Philip the Arab becomes Roman Emperor.
249     Decius usurps Roman throne from Philip.
251     Roman Emperor Decius and son are slain by King of the Goths, Cniva.
           Gallus becomes Roman Emperor.
252     Persian King Shpur I defeats Romans at Barbalissos.
253     King Shapur I of Persia captures Antioch.
           Roman Emperor Gallus’ two sons, Valerian and Galliennus become co-Emperors.
257     Roman Emperor Valerian recaptures Antioch.
           Franks invade Gaul and Spain.
           Alemanni invade Italy, but are defeated at Milan.
258     Goths invade Asia Minor.
260     Persians capture Roman Emperor Valerian, Postumus proclaimed Emperor.
267     Roman Emperor Odaenathus assassinated, widow Zenobia takes control of Palmyra.
268     Gallienus defeats Goth invasion then assassinated, Claudius II becomes Roman Emperor.
269     Roman Emperor Postumus is killed.
           Vistorinus is proclaimed Roman Emperor of Gaul and Britain.
           Palmurenes take Egypt and Syria.
           Roman Emperor Caludius II defeats Goths at Naissus in Moesia.
270     Roman Emperor Claudius II dies, Aurelain becomes Roman Emperor.
271     Roman Emperor Aurelian wars against Juthungi, Sarmatians, Vandals.
           Roman Emperor Victorinus assassinated, army proclaims Tetricus I Emperor.
272     Roman Emperor Aurelian defeats Zenobia capturing him at Anticoh,
           and taking Palmyra. Province of Dacia is abandoned.
273     Palmyra revolts and the city is destroyed by Roman Emperor Aurelian.
274     Roman Emperor Aurelain defeats Tericus’ army at Catalaunian.
275     Roman Emperor Aurelian assassinated, Tacitus becomes Emperor.
276     Roman Emperor Tacitus dies, and Probus becomes Emperor.
277     Roman Emperor Probus defeat the Alemanni, Burgundians, Franks, Longiones.
279     Roman Emperor Probus wars agains the Vandals in Illyricum.
282     Roman Emperor Probus assassinated Carus becomes Emperor.
283     Roman Emperor Carus dies durng Persian invasion, son Numerian becomes Emperor.
284     Roman Emperor Numerian dies, Diocletian becomes Roman Emperor.
285     Roman Emperor Diocletian appoints Maximian as co-emperor, assigning him the western
           half of the empire.
293     Roman Emperor Carausius assassinated by Allectus who proclaims himself Emperor.
           Roman Emperor Diocletian appoints Constantius I and Galerius as Caesar’s.
296     Roman Emperor Allectus assassinated.
299     Roman Emperor Galerius defeats the Sarmatian’s at Capri.

                                  4th Century---Ancient History

303     Roman Emperor Diocletian persecutes Christian’s.
305     Roman Emperors Diocletian and Manimian abdicate.
           Roman Emperors Constatinus and Severus comes Agusti.
           Roman Empeor Maximinus appointed Eastern Caesar, and Severus the Western.
           Son of Maximian, Maxentius, proclaims himself Emperor of Rome.
306     Roman Emperor Constantinus dies at York, son Constatine I becomes Emperor.
307     Maxentius’ son, Maximian, proclaims himself Emperor of Rome.
           Emperor Galerius attacks Rome.
308    Carnuntum conference has Diocletian convince Maximian to abducate, Licinius is
           appointed Agustus.
310     Maximian proclaims himself Emperor again, captured by Emperor
           Constantine where he commits suicide.
311     Roman Emperor Galerius dies, Emperors Maximinus and Licinius split his realm
           between them.
312     Roman Emperor Constantine I defeats and kills Emperor Maximentius.
313     Roman Emperor Licinius defeats Maximinus who dies at Tarsus.
           Roman Emperor Constantine issues Edit of Milan, making all religions legal.
314     Roman Emperor Constantine defeats Emperor Licinius at Cibalae.
316     Roman Emperor Diocletian dies.
321     Roman Emperor Constantine forbids work on the Sabbath.
324     Roman Emperor Constantine defeats Emperor Licinius at Hebrus Rive, Licinius abdicates.
325     Ecumenical council of Nicaea.
326     Roman Emperor Constantine orders death of son Crispus.
330     Roman Emperor Constantine makes Constantinople capital.
332     Roman Emperor Constantine wars against the Goths.
334     Roman Emperor Constantine wars against eh Sarmatians.
337     Roman Emperor Constantine dies at Nicomedia, his three sons,
           Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans become Emperors.
338     Roman Emperor Constantine II defeats Alemanni then wars with Persia.
340     Roman Emperor Constantine II invades Italy where he is killed by his brother Emperor
           Constans at Aquileia.
341     Roman Emperors Constans and Constantius II issue ban against pagan sacrifices.
347     The Donatists revolt in Africa.
348     Roman Emperor Constantius defeats the Persians during the battle of Singara.
350     Magnentius proclaims himself Western Emperor after Constans is captured and killed.
           Julius Nepotian attacks Rome with his gladiators.
351     Roman Emperor Constantius appoints cousin Constantius Gallus as Caesar.
           Magnentius is defeated at Mursa.
353     Roman Emperor defeats Magnentius at Mons Seleuci, then commits suicide.
354     Roman Emperor Constantius Gallus is put to death.
355     Julian is appointed Caesar of Gaul.
357     Caesar Julian defeats the Franks at Strasbourg.
360     Roman Emperor Constantius orders Emperor Julian to send legions to a Persian war, his
           troops mutiny  proclaiming him Augustus.
361     Roman Emperor Constantius dies, naming Julian successor.
363     Roman Emperor Julian invades Persia and is killed, Jovian becomes emperor.
378     Valen killed by the Goths at battle of Adrianople.
383     Rome withdraws from Britain.
395     Emperor Theodosius I dies and his empire is divided into Eastern and Western half. Son
           Arcadius who married daughter of Frankish leader Bauto rules Constantinople, while other
          son Honorius rules from Milan under his Vandal master of troops until he  comes of age.
397     St. Ninian establishes a Christian mission at Whithorn Scotland.
           Roman master of troops Stilicho drives king Alaraic and his Visigoths out of Greece.

                                 5th Century--Ancient History

401     Visigoths invade Italy.
406     Kingdom of Worms formed.
           Vandals cross Rhine under king Gunderic who aligns them with the
           Alans  and Sciri sacking Rheims, Arras and Tournai before turning south to Aquitaine.
408     Visigoths under Alaric seize Rome.
409     Germanic tribe of Suevi invade Rome’s Iberian peninusla of Gallaecia and settle.
           Germanic tribes of Vandals, and Sarmatian Alans invade Iberian peninsula.
410     Huns invade Rome.
           King Alraic I of the Visigoths sack Rome then dies soon after.
411    Western Roman Emperor Flavius Agustus Honorius signs a peace treaty granting Lusitania
           to the Alans, Gallaecia to the Suevi with
           Hasdingi and Baetica to the Silingi.
415     King Theodorid of the Visigoths invades the Iberian peninsula, a request by the Romans.
419     The Hasdingi Vandals attack the Suevi.
426     King Attaces of the Alans is killed in battle against the Visigoths, who appeal to Vandal king
           Gunderic to accept the Alan crown.
428    Alans defeat the Suevi and the Romans in the battle of Merida.
429     Alans and Vandals move to North Africa to establish a kingdom.
           Vandal king Gaiseric invaded North Africa.
436     Burgundian kingdom of Worms is destroyed by Attilla the Hun.
          Last Roman legion leaves Britain.
438    Suevi king of Gallaecia abdicates in favor of his son Requila.
439     Carthage falls to the Vandals led by Genseric.
441     German Saxons establish a village at mouth of the Thames river.
443     Alamanni settle in Alsace.
446     Battle of Wippedesfleot.
448     King Requila of Suevi dies, son Requiario rules imposing his catholic religion on all.
449     Saxon leader Hengest arrives in England.
451     Thorismund becomes king of the Visigoths.
454     Theodoric II becomes king of the Visigoths.
455     Bishop of Rome takes control of all Western Christianity, proclaiming himself Pope Leo I.
           Vandals sack Rome and the word Vandal becomes to ean one who wantonly destroys.
457     Maldra unites the Suevi and becomes king.
496    Battle between Franks and the Alamanni.
466     Euric becomes king of the Visigoths.
           Huns invade Dacia but are defeated by the eastern Emperor Leo I.
468     Roman city of Conimbriga is sacked by the Suevi.
          Leo I launches naval battle against Vandals.
469     Teodemundo becomes king of the Suevi.
475     Visigoth's King Euric forces Rome to grant his kingdom independence, making them the
           most powerful of the successor states in Western Roman Empire.
           Romulus Augustus becomes Emperor.
476     Western Roman Empire ends when Emperor Romulus Augustus is
           deposed by the Saxon leader Odacer, chieftain of the Heruli
           proclaiming himself king of Italy.

The fall of the Roman Empire is considered the end of ancient history and the beginning of the DARK AGES, so named for the fact there was barely any human history recorded and found from here through 10th centuries.

479      Votadini people form kingdom of Gododdin in north region of River Tweed.
480      Visigoths extend their rule from Biscane bay to the Rhine, with their seat in Toulouse.
493      Theodoric becomes leader of Ravenna, uniting Italy as an Ostrogoth kingdom controlling
            the entire peninsula.
496     Salian Franks Clovis defeats the Alamanni at Strasbourg, Clovis converted to Christianity.

                                6th Century---Dark Ages

500       North Britain has four kingdoms, Dalriada, Gododdin, Pictavia,  Starthclyde.
             Bavaria in invaded by Marcomanni of Bohemia.
501       Ecumenical synod of Braga.
507       Franks take control of Aquitaine from Visigoth's but King Alaric II killed in battle
             Vouille, son, Alaric taken to Iberia.
             Gesalec becomes king of the Visigoths.
510       Provence is overrun by the Italian Ostrogoths.
511       Clovis dies and Merovingian dynasty continues with his four sons, Childbert, Chlodomer,
             Lothair, Theodoric, who divide the kingdom, ruling form their own capitals of Lutetia
             (Paris), Metz, Orleasn, Soissons.
             Visigoth and Ostrogoths unite under Theodoric the Great who was regent for Amalaric.
517       Buddhism is introduced to central China by Emperor Wu D.
518       Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I dies, body guard becomes Emperor Justinus I.
519       Eastern and Western Catholic churches reunite from the schism began in 484.
525       Yemen is conquered by Ethopia.
526       Amalaric becomes king of the Visigoths.
527       Ecumenical synod of Toledo.
             Roman Emperor Justinus I dies, Justinian is new Roman Emperor.
529       Regensburg (Ratisbon) is Bavaria’s new capital.
531       Theudis becomes king of Visigoths.
532       Franks take the kingdom of Burgundy.
534       Malta becomes a Byzantine province.
536       Rome falls to Emperor Justinian's forces as peninsula is taken from the Ostrogoths.
540       Persia invades Syria and takes Antioch from Byzantine.
             Totila of the Ostrogoths end Byzantine rule in Italy.
546       Totila of the Ostrogoths takes Rome after a decade of Byzantine rule.
547       Angles build fortress at Bamburg, founding kingdom of Bernicia.
             King Ida accedes to the throne of Bernicia.
548       Theudigisel becomes king of the Visigoths.
549       Agila becomes king of the Visigoths.
550       Karriarico becomes king of the Suevi.
             Toltecs overrun Yucan peninsula, conquering the Teotihuacans.
552       Byzantines defeat Ostrogoth's king Totila in the battle of Tagina killing him.
             Emperor Justinian's missionaries to China smuggle out silkworms.
553       Rome and Naples is annexed to Byzantium by Emperor Justinian I.
558       Frankish kingdoms unite under Clotaire I king of Soisson making him king of all Franks.
554       Athanagild becomes king of the Visigoths.
559       Teodomiro becomes king of the Visigoths.
560       Kent king Eormenric dies, and son becomes Ethelbert I.
561       Ecumenical synod of Braga.
             Frankish king Clotaire I dies, sons divide united kingdom into four  kingdoms again;
             Sigibert rules Austrasia, Charibert rules Paris, Guntram rules Burgundy,
             Chilperic rules Soissons.
563       St. Columba founds monastery at Iona reintroducing Christianity.
             Irish missionary Columba founds monastery on Iona.
565       Byzantine Emperor Justinian I dies, nephew rules as Justinian II.
567       Liuvigild becomes king of the Visigoths.
570       Miro becomes king of the Suevi.
572       King Liuvigild begins conquering all of Hispania.
             Lombard king Alboin conquers Pavia, claiming entire Italian peninsula.
577       Wessex English forces defeat the Welsh at Deorham.
578       Emperor Justinian II dies, Tiberius becomes emperor.
584       Andeca becomes king of the Suevi.
585       King Andeca surrenders to Visigoth king Liuvigild and his kingdom is absorbed.
586       Reccared becomes king of the Visigoths at Toledo.
587       King Reccared who is catholic, unifies the various religions existing in Hispania.

                           7th Century---MIDDLE AGES

601      Liuva II becomes king of the Visigoths.
603      Witteric becomes king of the Visigoths.
604      Athelfrith unites Bernicia and Deira, founding kingdom of Northumbria.
610      Gundemar becomes king of the Visigoths.
            Avars invade Italy.
612      Sisebur becomes king of the Visigoths.
621      Suintila becomes king of the Visigoths.
623      Samo forms tribal union.
624      Visigoths control all of the Iberian peninsula.
625      Samo leads Slavs against Avars.
626      Edinburgh founded by Edwin of Northumbria.
631      Sisemand becomes king of the Visigoths.
            Merovingian king Dagobert I leads Franks in battle of Wogastisburg against Samo’s army
            and Austrian forces.
635      Basra port founded at head of Persian Gulf for Arabia, India, Persia, Turkey.
          Damascus falls to Muslims.
           Gaza falls to Muslims.
636      Chintila becomes king of the Visigoths.
638      Northurmbria takes Edinburg from kingdom of Gododdin.
            Jerusalem falls to Muslims.
640      Tulga becomes king of the Visigoths.
641      Chindasuinth becomes king of the Visigoths.
649      Reccasuinth becomes king of the Visigoths.
658      Slav tribal union collapses after Samo’s death.
663      Ecumenical synod of Braga.
672      Wamba becomes king of the Visigoths.
675      Ecumenical synod of Braga.
680      Erwig becomes king of the Visigoths.
681      Bulgars defeat the Slavs and found the kingdom of Bulgaria.
685      Picss defeat Northumbrian’s expansion to control Scotland during battle of Nechtansmere.
688      Wessex king Ine subdues Essex and Kent.
693      Bishop Felix was last due to the Moors invading. His successors moved to Lugo Galicia.
697      Carthage is destroyed by the Arabs.

                              8th Century---MIDDLE AGES

701     Wittiza becomes king of the Visigoths.
710     Roderic becomes king of the Visigoths.
711     Moors of Arabs and Berbers from North Africa invade the Iberian Peninsula and kill the
           Visigoth King Roderic. 713 Govenor of North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr, conquers Medina-
           Sidonia, Seville, and Mertola.
714     Musa Nusayr’s son, Adb al-Aziz, conquers Evor, Santarem, Coimbra. He marries King
           Roderic’s widow.
           Unmayyard Caliph assinated Abd al-Aziz, sending his father Musa into exile in Yemen.
716     Lisbon falls to the Moors.
717     Cordoba becomes capital of the Muslim world.
718     Pelavo establishes the kingdom of Asturias.
           Moors cross Pyreness to capture Narbonne.
722     Moors conquer Asturias and is defeated by king Pelavo at battle of Covadonga.
730     Alamanni join the Frankis Empire as a dukedom.
732     Charles ‘the Hammer’ Martel defeats the Moors at the battle of Poitiers, becomes king
           of France and begins Carolingian dynasty that will rule France and Germany from
           the 8-10th centuries.
735     Mayor Charles Martel of Austrasia and Neustria conquers Burgundy.
737     King Pelavo dies, son, Favila becomes king of Asturias.
739     Alfonso, duke of Cantabria, married to daughter of King Pelavo becomes king of Asturias.
           Alfonso I drives the Moors out of Galacia.
740     Berbers revolt agains the Arab Umayyad overlords.
741     Charles Martel dies, his realms divided between sons Carolman who rules Austrasia,
           Alemannia, Bavaria, and Thuringia, while younger Pepin rules Neustria, Burgundy
           and Provence.
745     Karantania loses independence becoming a Margraviaste under Frankish empire.
756     Umayyad Adb ar-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri to proclaim himself Emir of Cordoba.
757     Fruela I becomes king of Asturias.
759     Frankis forces retake Narbonne from the Arabs.
762     Arab seat of power is moved to Baghdad.
763     Adb ar-Rahman I stops an Abbasid revolt.
768     Charles Martel’s grandson Charlemagne becomes king of France.
           Aurelio becomes king of the Asturias.
771     Charlemagne becomes king of all Franks.
773     King Charlemagne is crowned king of Lombardy.
774     Silo becomes king of the Asturuias.
775     Tibet subdues Himalayan neighbors and a boundary agreement is made with China.
777     King Charlemagne victorious over the Saxons and invades Moorish Spain.
778     Basque forces annihilate Charlemagne’s rear forces as they cross the Pyrenees. His Paladin
           Roland killed, giving rise to the epic Chanson de Roland (Song of Roland)
779     Mercian king Offa make himself king of all England.
783     Illegitimate son of Alfonso I, Mauregato the Usurper, becomes king of the Asturias.
           Saxons led by rebel Widukind against Charlemagne massacre his Frankish army.
788     Adb ar-Rahman dies, Hisham becomes Emir or Cordorba.
790     Irish monks reach Iceland to begin settling that island.
791     Alfonso II becomes king of Asturias, conquering several Moor strongholds.
793     Vikings raid Lindisfarne Monastery looting and slaughtering the priests.
794     King Alfonso II defeats the Muslims at the battle of Lutos.
796     King Charlemagne armies reduce the Avars on the Danube.
           Al-Hakam I becomes Emir of Cordoba.
           King Offa dies.
798     King Alfonso II raids Muslim Lisbon but can’t take it.

9^th Century---MIDDLE AGES

800     Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the Romans and the Holy Roman Empire on Christmas
            Day, but the Empress Irene of the Western Empire refused to recognize him as such.
802     Vikings raid the Iona Monastery.
804     Charlemagne conquers the Saxons.
807     Arabs ravage Rhodes.
808     Fez is founded in Morocco by the Abbasid king Idris.
813     Grave of James the Apostle is discovered near Santiago de Compostela in Galacia, uniting all
            of Iberian Christians.
814     King Charlemagne dies, son Carolman begins Carolingian Empire as Louis I the Pious.
817     Holy Roman Emperor Louis I divides his empire between sons Lothair who rules Burgundy,
            Francia, ouis who rules Davaria and the east marches, Pepin who rules Aquitaine, Spetimiania
            and parts of Burgundy.
822     Abd ar-Rahman II becomes Emir of Cordova.
840     Balaton principality begins in Pannonia.
842     Ramiro I becomes king of Asturias.
843     Charlemagne's empire is divided by grandsons using the Treaty of Verdun, beginning the
            founding of Holy Roman Empire as well as establishes France as a power.
            Karatania goes part of Louis the German.
            Kenneth MacAlpin forms first kingdom of Scotland becoming king of Pics and Scots.
844     Vikings raid Galatia, but are defeated by King Ramior I.
850     Ordonho I becomes king of Asturias in Oviedo, beginning Christian repopulation and rise of
            the county Castile.
            Norseman Rurik proclaims himself ruler of Kiev beginning the royal Russian family.
852     Muhammad I becomes Emir of Cordova.
859     King Ordonho I defeats Musa ibn Musa at Albelda.
862     Scandinavian chief Burik founds Novgorod, proclaiming himself grand prince and beginning
            the royal family.
866     Alfonso III the Great, son of Ordonho, becomes king of Asturias.
867     Macedonia’s Basil murders the Byzantine emperor Michael III becoming the next emperor.
868     First county of Portugal is established, the fiefdom of the Kingdom of the Asturias by count
             Vimara Peres. After land was retaken from the Moors he founded the city Vimaranis
            and Guimaranis, considered the Cradle City of Portugal.
870     Treaty of Mersen divides the Carolingian Empire.
871     Wessex king Ethelred is defeated by the Danish and dies a little later, where his brother must
            pay the Danes tribue and will become Alfred the Great, first king of a united England.
            Karantania has earliest record of ritual to install dukes,
            ‘Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantonorum’.
873     Count Vimara Perez dies, son Lucidio Vimaranes becomes count of Portugal.
874     City of Coimbra is reconquered by the Moors.
            Danes move into Mercia and king Burged abdicates.
            Hermenegildo Mendes is made count of Coimbra.
            Viking Norsemen discover Iceland and colonize it.
876     Balaton pricipality of Prince Kocelj loses independence.
877     French king Charles the Bald dies.
            Danes seize Executer.
878     Battle of Edington defeats the Vikings, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore that established
            the Danelaw.
            Coimbra is incorporated into the Kingdom of Asturias.
            King Alfred the Great surprises the Danes at Edington and is victorious and  Danish
            king Guthrum submits and accepts baptism of Christianity.
879     Holy Roman Emperor Louis II dies, sons Louis III and Carolman rule jointly.
            King Alfred the Great removes all Danes form Wessex and Mercia but not London which
            remains Danish.
887     Grandson of Louis the German, Arnulf of Carinthia becomes king of East Franks and first Duke
            of Carinthia.
886     Al-Mundhir becomes Emir of Cordoba.
            Norseman raid Paris.
            Byzantine emperor Basil dies, son becomes emperor Leo Vi the Wise.
888     Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Emir or Cordoba.
890     The Strathclyde Britons to move to Gwynedd (Wales).
            King Alfred the Great establishes a regular militia and navy.
891     King of Italy Guy of Spoleto is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
892     England is invaded by Danes.
893     Dane forces in England are defeated by king Alfred the Great son’s Edward at Farnham who
            forces them forced back to Thorny island.
894     Danish forces in England retreat to Essex after Alfred the Great deprives then of food,
            forcing them to move northwest.
895     King Alfred the Great captures the Danish fleet.
            King Arnulf of Carinthis signs an accord with Bohemian Duke Borivoi.
896     Asian Magyars led by Arpad settle in Theiss region of Hungary.
899     English Saxon King Alfred the Great dies.
            Holy Roman Emperor Arnulf dies and six-year old son becomes last German Carolingian king.

10^th Century---MIDDLE AGES

900     Early Iron Age.
            Czechs assert authority over all Bohemian tribes.
            Norseman Gunbjorn discovers Greenland.
901     Boso, son of the late king of Provence (lower Burgundy) icrowned king of the Lombard’s and
            Holy Roman Emperor.
906     Magyars destroy Moravia.
907     Magyars settle in Slovene territory.
909     Alfonso III of Asturias is deposed by his sons.
910     Emperor Alfonso III of Asturias dies and kingdom is divided by sons into the
            independent kingdoms of Asturias, Galacia, Leon.
911     The Viking Rollo and tribe settle in France from the Treaty of Saint Clair-sur-Epte and founded
             the Duchy of Normandy.
            Count Hermenegildo Guterres of Coimbra dies, son Arias Mendes becomes count of Coimbra.
912     Adb al-Rahman III becomes Emir or Cordoba.
913     The vassal king of Galacia retakes the Muslim territory of Evora.
914     Ordonho II of Galacia becomes Garcia I king of Leon after the death of his brother.
            Kingdom capital of Asturias is moved from Oviedo to Leon, becoming the kingdom of Leon.
916     King Ordonho II of Leon is defeated by Emir Abd as-Rahman III in Valdejunquera.
918     Abd al-Rahman III defeats the Christians in the battle of Talavera.
            Pope John X recognizes the legitimacy of the Visigoth’s liturgy in the Mozarabic rite.
924     Fruela II becomes king of Leon.
            King Edward of England dies, son Athelstand become king,
925     Sancho Ordonhes, son of Ordonho II of Leon, becomes vassal king of Galicia.
            Alfonso IV becomes king of Leon.
            Ramiro II, son of Ordonhao II of Leon, is the first bearing the title of King of Portuguese.
926     Ramiro II takes up residency in Viseu.
            Hermenegildo Goncalves, son of count Goncala of Galacia, becomes count of Portugal.
            Umayyad Emir Abd al-Rahman III proclaims himself Caliph of Cordoba.
928     Goncalo Moniz becomes count of Coimbra.
929     Abd al-Rahman III proclaims his empire an independent caliphate, no longer under
            Bagdad control.
931     Ramior II becomes king of Leon.
938     First document produced using the word Portugal.
946     County of Castile becomes independent.
            Malcolm I conquers Strathclyde Scotland.
950     After Count Mendo Conclaves I dies, Countess Mumadona Dias divides their vast
            dominion among her sons;
            Goncalo Mendes becomes count of Portugal, and Ordonho III becomes king of Leon.
954     King Louis Iv of France dies.
            Indulf captures Edinburgh from Northumbria.
955     German king Otto the Great defeats the Magyars in the Battle of Lechfield near Augsburg.
            King Ordonho III attacks Lison.
956     Sancho I becomes king of Leon.
959     Countess Mumadona Dias donates vast lands to the monastery of St. Mamede in Guimaraes.
962     Otto crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor.
            Count Goncalo Mendes rebels against king Sancho I of Leon.
966     Vikings raid Galacia, killing the bishop Santiago de Compostela, whose successor St. Rudesind
            rallies the forces and in turn kills the Viking king Gundered.
969     Cairo is founded by the Fatmids and Shite Muslims.
967     Ramiro III becomes king of Leon.
976     Karantania becomes a duchy in its own right, includes east Tirol and Styria.
            Caliph Al-Hakam II dies and Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir succeeds him as Hisham II.
981     Count Goncalo Moniz of Coimbra dies.
982     Bermundo II becomes king of Leon, sanctioned by the counts of Galacia.
            Eric the Red establishes first Viking colony on Greenland.
987     Caliph Al-Mansur raids the Christian Coimbra.
            Count Goncalo Mendes takes title of Grand Duke of Portugal, rebels against King Bermudo II
            of Leon, but is defeated.
997     Boleslaus I the Brave becomes Duke of Poland.
999     Alfonso V becomes king of Leon.
            Mendo Goncalves II becomes count of Portugal.
            Countess Mumadona Dias dies.

11^th Century---HIGH MIDDLE AGES

1000     Leif Erikson lands in North America.
1001     Viking explorer Leif Ericson reaches America.
1002     King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor Otto III dies, Henry duke of Bavaria becomes
               new king.
               Caliph Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir dies.
1003     Viking king Sweyn Forkbeard loots the English coast, demanding tribute for the massacre of
             Danish settlers by Ethelred II.
              Moors destroy city of Leon.
1004     King Henry of Bavaria defeat the Lombard king Ardoin who then has himself crowned king
              of Lombardy at Pavia.
1005     Kenneth III of Scotland dies, and Malcolm II rules.
1006     Muslims settle in India.
1007     English king Ethelred II pays the Danes 40,000 for the next two years free of attacks.
1008     Vikings raid Galicia killing count Mendo Goncalves II.
              Alvito Nunes becomes count of Portugal.
              Hisham II is deposed by Muhammad II al-Mahdi and made caliph of Cordoba.
1009     Sulaiman al-Mustain deposes Muhammad II becoming caliph of Cordoba.
               Egypt’s caliph Fatimid destroys Jersaleum’s church of the Holy Sepulcher which stirs
               European demand for a Christian Crusade to recover the Holy Land.
1010     Hisham II is restored as caliph of Cordoba by the Berber armies.
1012     English king Ethelred II pays nother 40,000 to end Danes raid.
1013     Danes conquer England and Ethelred II seeks refuge in Normandy.
              Berber armies take Cordorba and kill caliph Hisham II.
1014     Viking king Sweyn Forkbeard dies, son Canute becomes king but flees to Denmark when
              King Ethelred returns from Normandy.
1015     Malcolm II conquers Lothian.
              King Olaf II restores Norwegian independence reinstating Christianity.
              Slaves settle Leipzig.
1016     Norman invaders destroy Tuy and Galicia.
1017     Viking king Canute decides to divide England into four earldoms.
              Nuno Alvites and Tudadomna become counts of Portugal.
1018     Byzantine army defeats the Lombards and Normans at Cannae.
1021     Abd ar-Rahman IV becomes caliph of Cordoba.
              Basil II send Byzantine army to invade Armenia.
1022     Holy Roman Emperor Henry II defeats the Byzantines in southern Italy.
1023     Muhammad III becomes caliph of Cordoba.
1024     Holy Roman Emperor Henry II dies.
1025     Boleslaus I become king of Poland and dies two months later.
              Poland gains independence from Holy Roman Empire.
              Byzantine Emperor Basil II dies, and his brother becomes Constantine VIII.
1026     Viking king fights off the Norway and Swedish kings as they try to conquer Denmark.
1027     Normandy duke Richard the Good dies, and son becomes Robert I.
              Hishan III becomes caliph of Cordoba.
1028     Viking king Canute conquers Norway.
              King Alfonso V of Asturias and Leon raids Viseu but is killed.
              Byzantine Empero Constantine Viii dies, daughter rules and marries Romanus III
              making him co-emperor.
              Sancho III conquers Castile proclaiming himself king of Spain.
              Bermudo III becomes king of Leon.
1030     Viking king Canute defeats Norway’s king Olaf Haraldsson during Stikelstad battle and is killed.
1032     Burgundy’s Rudolph II dies childless and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II claims his realm.
              Duke of Normandy Robert II aids Henri I of France defeat his mother Constance, ending
              French civil war.
1033     German and Russian forces defeat Poland’s Mieszko II.
              Castile regains independence from Navarre.
1034     King Malcolm II of Scotland dies and Duncan I accedes to the Scottish throne
           Polish rebellion and invasion of Czech prince Brzetyslav.
           Sancho the Grat Navarre has gained Aragon, Barcelona, Asturias, Leon, and
           Castile and proclaims himself Rex Hispaniarum or king of all Spains.
           Scotland’s Malcolm II dies, grandson Duncan rules.
1035   King Cnut of England, Denmark, and Norway dies, four sons unable to take
           England and Norway breaks away from Denmark.
           King Sancho III of Navarre dies and distributes lands among his sons.
           Bermudo III of Leon defeats the Moors in Cesar.
           Castile’s Sancho the Great dies, realm divided among 4 sons with second
           son ruling Castile.
1037   Ferdinand of Castle, son of King Sancho III, acquires kingdom of Leon in
           battle of Tamaron. As the first Castilian king, Herdinand defeats his father-in-law,
           Bermudo III, and inherits his kingdom as well.
1040   Harold Harefoot and brother Harthacnut co-rule England.
           Duncan I killed in battle by Macbeth, his only rival to the Scotland’s throne.
           Moorish Taifa of Silves becomes an independent nation.
1042   Harthacnut dies and Edward the Confessor becomes king of England, so called for his
           piety and was the 3^rd Anglo-Saxon King.
1043   England’s Edward the Confessor is crowned at Easter.
           German king Henry III wars against Hungary’s Samuel who attacked Bavaria.
           Lady Godiva is forced to ride naked through England’s market square of Coventry,
           hoping to force husband to lower village taxes.
1046   German king is crowned the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III.
1047   Norway’s king Magnus I dies, and harald Haardraade becomes king.
           Duchies of Bavaria, Carinthia and Swabia are restored by Holy Roman Emperor Henry III.
           Hungary’s Peter Oresolo is overthrown by cousin Andras.
1048   Pope Benedict IX the ‘Boy Pope’ resigns the Papacy.
1049   Leo IX becomes pope to begin church reform.
1050   Oslo is founded by Norway’s Harald II.
           The Astroblade is first used for navigation.
           Byzantine empress Soe dies, and sister is left to rule.
           Portugal's Count Mendo Numes is killed in battle, son Nuno Mendes becomes count.
1053   English earl of Wessex dies, son becomes earl and chief minister to his brother-in-law
           Edward the Confessor.
1052   Pisa conquers the Arabs and retakes Sardinia .
1054   Western Catholicism and Eastern Othodox faiths are divided by the East-West Schism.
1055   Northunberland’s Siward the Strong dies after helping Scotland’s Macbeth to
           make Malcolm III king of Cumbria.
           Byzantine co-emperor Constantine IX dies, leaving sister-in-law to rule alone.
1056   Holy Roman Emperor Henry III dies, succeeded by his five-years old son as German king.
           The Almoravides (Berber Muslims) rise up to rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia.
1057   Macbeth killed by Malcom Canmore near Aberdeen Scotland, succeeded by stepson Lulach.
           Ferdinand I of Castille-Leon conquers the Mooh Lamego.
1058   Malcolm III defeats MacBeth becomes king and begins making Scotland more English.
           Scottish Lulach is assassinated by Malcolm Canmore proclaiming himself king.
           William of Normandy defeats Godfrey of Anjou at battle of Varaville.
           Polish Grand Duke Casimir I dies, son rules as Boleslave II the Bold.
1060   France’s Henry I dies, and son of eight-years becomes king Philip I.
           Hungarian king Andras I is defeated by brother and dies.
1061   Scotland’s Malcolm MacDuncan III invades Northumbria.
           Bohemian king Spytihnew dies, and Vratislave II becomes king.
           West Africa in conquered by Arabs supported by the Berbers.
1062   Marrakech is founded by the sultans of Almoravide.
1063   Harold of Wessex defeats Wales with help of brother Tostig of Northumbria.
1064   Hispanic calendar is adopted.
           Ferdinand I of Castile-Leon seiges Muslim Coimbra forcing all Muslims out of Portugal. The
           general who lead the seige becomes count of Coimbra.
           Seljuk Turks conquer Armenia.
1065   Kingdom of Galacia is proclaimed independent under Garcia II of Galicia.
           Castile’s Ferdinand I dies, son rules as Sancho II.
           Westminster Abbey is consecrated after 14 years building.
1066   King Henry I of France dies.
           Edward the Confessor dies and Harold II becomes king of England.
           William, Duke of Normandy invades England at battle of Hastings where Harold II
           dies and William becomes king of England as William the Conqueror.
1067   Byzantine emperor Constantine IU dies, widow marries general who rules as
           Romanus IV Diogenes.
           Polish king Boleslave II conquers Kiev.
           Scottish king Malcolm III MacDuncan marries Margaret sister of Saxon Edgar the Aetheling
           beginning the country‘s transition from Celtic to Anglicized and Catholic system.
1068   England’s north and west Saxon’s rise up against William the Conqueror and his
           Norman barons.
1069 English king William puts down Saxon uprising who had Danish support. The Normans took
           advantage by confiscating Saxon lands called ’harrying of the north’.
1070   Order of the Knights of St. John is founded in Jerusalem.
           Count Nuno Mendes rises up against king Garcia II of Galicia.
1071   Garcia II of Galicia defeats count Nuno Mendes in the battle of Pedroso, taking the tile
           of King of Portugal.
1072   Castile’s Sancho is assassinated at battle of Zamora, his brother then reigns as Alfonso VI.
1073   Gregory VII ascends the papal throne.
1076   Boleslau II the Generous becomes king of Poland.
1077   Henry IV walks barefoot to Canossa to beg forgiveness of Pope for his offensive defeat
           in the Investiture Controversy, establishing Papal rule over European kings for next
           450 years.
           English king William I is defeated in battle by France’s Philip I who supported his son
           Robert Curhose.
           King Alfonso Vi of Castile and Leon proclaims himself Emperor of all Spain.
           Hungary’s Geza dies, son of predecessor Bela I becomes king Ladislas I.
           German states are in civil war, nobility elects Rudolph of Swabia as Antiking.
           Byzantine emperor Michael VII abdicates with Asiatic troops choosing a soldier
           Nicephorus III Botaniates.
1078 Construction of the Tower of London begins to become the ultimate keep of the
           British Empire.
1079   English king William the Conqueror founds Newcastle-on-Tyne to resist Scotland’s
          Malcolm III.
1080   German Rudolf of Swabia is defeated and killed to end German civil war
1081   Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III abdicates and general Alexius rules as Alexius I.
           Norman Robert Guiscard invades Balkans laying siege to Byzantine city Durazzo.
           German king Henry IV invades Italy placing Tuscany marchioness Matilda under
           imperial ban while accepting the Lombard crown at Pavia.
1085   Castile’s Alfonso Vi takes Toledo
           Norman Robert Guiscard dies, his brother becomes the new duke.
1086   English King William the Conqueror orders his lands surveyed and his wealth tallied in
           what is called the Domesday Book.
           The English oath of Salisbury makes vassals responsible directly to the crown.
           German king Henry IV invades Rome and fails with Pope Gregory VII calling on
           Norman Robert Guiscard for support, who then defeats the Byzantine army of
           Alexius I taking Durazzo.
           African Muslim army defeats Castile’s Alfonso Vi at Zallaka.
1087   King William the Conqueror invades French Vexin in retaliation for raids on his territory.
           After burning Mantes his horse falls and he sustains internal injuries and dies, with son
           William Rufus to rule England, and son Robert
           Curthose to become Duke of Normandy.
           Byzantine emperor Alexius I is defeated at the battle of Drystra by the Bogomils in Thrace
           and Bulgaris.
           Genoa and Pisa capture the western Mediterranean from the Arabs.
1091   Count Sisnando Davides of Coimbra dies.
           Treaty of Caen ends war between England’s William II and Normandy’s Robert Curthose.
           Alfonso Vi of Castile gives daughter Urraca in marriage to Raymond of Burgundy along
           with fiefdom of Galicia.
1092   Bohemia’s Vratislva II dies with duke Bretislav II becoming king.
           English king William II conquers Cumberland.
1093   Malcolm II of Scotland and eldest son Edward are killed in battle against England,
           brother Donald Bane rules.
           Raymond and Henry of Burgundy sign treaty Henry will recognize Raymond as king
           when Alfonso VI dies, in exchange for the kingdom of Toledo and Portugal.
1094   Emperor Alfonso VI of Castile grants son Raymond of Burgundy the government of
           Portugal and Coimbra.
           Emperor Alfonso VI of Castile’s son Henry of Burgundy marries his father’s
           illegitimate daughter Teresa of Leon.
           Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr conquers Badajoz and Lisbon.
           El Cid conquers Valencia.
1095   Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade against the infidels telling young landless
           knights of land to be gained.
           First Crusade raises more than thirty-thousand men, converging on Constantinople. The
           Norman-French barons take the cross as Godfrey of Bouillon and brother Baldwin
           lead army from Lorrain to Hungary.
           Almoravides take Santarem.
           Hungary’s Ladislas I conquers Croatia and Dalmatia, introducing Catholicism before dying,
           his nephew Coloman becomes king
1096   German Crusade begins.
           People’s Crusade begins.
           Byzantine emperor Alexius provides food abd escirt fir Crusaders.
           Crusaders and Byzantine Greeks defeat the Muslims in the battle of Nicaea.
           Scotland’s Edgar is proclaimed king.
1097   Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes title of Amir al Muslimin, the Prince of Muslims.
1098   First Crusaders defeat the Turks at Antioch.
           The Cisterican Order is founded.
           Antioch falls and there is a falling out between Norman and Provencal Crusaders.
           Norway’s Magnus III captures the Orkneys, Hebrides and Isle of Man.
           France’s Philip I makes son Louis co-regent to defend against English king William II
           and Normandy’s William III.
1099   Pope Urban II order the First Crusade to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims.
           Crusaders capture Jerusalem and the kingdom of Jerusalem is established by Norman
           Godfrey of Bouillon who is elected king with the title Defender of the Holy Sepulcher.
           Disease is reduced the Crusaders form nearly three-hundred thousand to sixty-thousand.
           Spain’s war-hero ‘El Cid’ dies with his wife holding Valencis against the Moors.

                            12^th Century---HIGH MIDDLE AGES

1100   King William II dies and Henry I becomes king of England.
           Jerusalem’s king Godfrey of Bouillon dies, his older brother Baldwin, count of Flanders
           becomes king with help from the Sicilian Norman prince Tancred.
           England’s king William II dies, brother William rules as Henry I.
           Middle English becomes more prevalent than Old English.
1101   Normandy’s Robert Curthose returning from the Crusade invades England to capture
           the throne form his younger brother Henry. He is repelled with the Treat of Alton.
           Sicily’s Roger Guiscard I dies, eight-year old son becomes king Roger II.
1102   Reign of prince Boleslave the Wrymouthed.
           Poland’s Ladislas I abdicated to youngest son who fights older to become Boleslav III.
           Hungary’s Coloman I regains Dalmatia from the Venetians.
1103   During Count Henry of Burgundy absence to Rome the countess of Portugal
           Theresa governs, and Norway’s Magnus III invades Ireland and dies in battle.
1105    Abd al-Mumin orders his Muslim fraction called Almohades to invade North Africa
            and Iberia.Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV is captured by his son Henry.
1106   Henry IV escapes at Ingelheim and dies before he can regain his army
           to oppose his treacherous son.
1107   Count Raymond of Burgundy dies, his kingdom of Galicia passes to his son Alfonso
           Raimindez.Scotland’s Edgar dies, his brother rules as Alexander I.Sicilian Norman Tancred
           reclaims the towns Alexius Comnenus conquered three years before.1108 France’s Philip I
           dies, son rules as Louis Vi.
           Byzantine emperor Alexius defeats Bohemund of Otranto at Durazzo, making him a
           vassal.1109 Emperor Alfonso VI of Castile dies, and his son’s wife Urraca, marries King
           Alfonso I of Aragon.
           Poland’s Boleslav III defeats the Pomeranians at battle of Naklo.
           Poland’s Boleslav III defeats German King Henry V at battle of Hundsfeld.
           France’s king Louie VI goes to war against England,
           Castile’s Afsonso Vi dies, daughter rules as Urraca.
1110 Count Henry of Portugal wars against King Alfonso I of Aragon in Penafiel.Bohemia’s
           Bretislav II dies with help from Henry V securing the dukedom for Ladislas.
1111   Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
1112   Count Henry of Portugal dies, his young son Afonso Henriques inherits county of Portugal,
           but his mother countess Theresa of Portugal governs under the title Regina (queen).
           Portugal’s count Henry of Burgundy dies, three-year old son become king Afonso
           Henruiques with mother Teresa as regent.
1113   Pisa conquers Balearic island of Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza etc.
           Vladamir’s great-grandson becomes grand duke of Kiev.
1114   Marriage of Alfonso I or Aragon and Urrace of Castile is annulled.
           Glasgow’s Cumbria church is elevated as a cathedral by David I.
1116   Armies of countess Theresa of Portugal battle the armies of Queen Urraca
           of Castile.
           Hungary’s Coloman I dies, succeeded by Stephen II.
1118   The Knights Templar is founded to protect Jerusalem and all European pilgrims to the
           city.Byzantine emperor Alexius I dies, son becomes John II.
           Alfonso the Battler of Aragon takes Saragossa from the Almoravid king Ali ibn-Yusuf.
1119   Charles le Bon becomes count of Flanders.
           English Henry I defeats the Norman’s during a war at Bremule.
1120   Afonso Henriques sides with the Bishop of Braga against his mother countess Theresa
            of Portugal.
            English king Henry I makes peace with French king Louis VI.
            Anglo-Saxon Welcher of Malvern discovers the degree measurement of latitude
            and longitude.
            Order of the knights of the Temple is founded in Jerusalem by Hugh de Pajens,
1121   Afonso Henriques unites with his mother Queen Urraca of Castile and captures countess
           Theresa of Portugal at Lanhoso, allowing her to go free if the County of Portugal is held
           as a fief of the kingdom of Leon.
           Byzantine emperor John II recovers Anatolia from Seljuk Turks.
1122   Concordat of Worms.
           Admont’s chronicles mention Celje/Cylie first.
           Holy Roman Emperor Henry V renounces right of investiture with ring and crozier at
           Concordat of Worms.
123     The First Lateran Council is formed, confirmed by the Concordat of Worms.
            Byzantine emperor John II defeats Serbians at Balkans.
1124    David I of Scotland becomes king, introduces feudal landholding of the Lowlands.
            Byzantine emperor John II defeats Hungary’s Stephen II.
            Scotland’s Alexander I dies, brother David rules as David I the Scotch Justinian.
1125    Holy Roman Emperor Henry V dies after fighting France’s Louis VI then
            the peoples of Worms. Lothair is chosen king at Mainz.\
            Venetian army pillages Rhodes, Chios, Samos and Lesbos.
1126    Queen Urrace of Castile dies, son Alfonso Raimundez becomes king Alfonso III of Castile
            and Leon.
            Lothair III makes son-in-law Henry the Proud duke of Bavaria.

1127 Count of Flanders Charles the Good is assassinated with Thierry of Alsace becoming new count.

1128 Countess Theresa donates Soure to the Knights Templar.

Count Afonso Henriques defeats his mother countess Theresa of Portugal in battle of Sao Mamede to become

sole ruler, Duke of Portugal.

1129 Duke Afonso Henriques proclaims himself Prince of Portugal.

Sicily’s Roger II is recognized as duke from barons of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno etc.

Castile’s queen Urraca dies, son rules as Alfonso VII.

1130 Prince Afonso Henriques invades Galacia, his mother countess Theresa dies.

The Knights Hospitialler move to Protugal.

1133 German king Lothair II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor, receiving vast estate of the marchioness Matilda of

Tuscany holding for his daughter Gertrud and husband Henry the Proud of Bavaria.

1134 Glasgow Scotland churches of St. John and Holy Sepulchre with Saint James dedicated.

German House of Brandenburg begins, appointing Albrecht head of Nordmark who founds the house of Anhalt.
1135 Henry I dies and Stephen becomes king of England.

King Alfonso VII of Castile and Leon proclaims himself Emperor of all Spains.

Hohenstafuen king Conrad III submits to king Lothair II, pardoned, and recovers his estates.

England’s king Henry I dies, nephew Stephen of Blois.

1136 Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II invades southern Italy to aid John II, retaking Apulia from Sicily Roger II.

England’s princess Matilda, daughter of Henry V claims throne for herself,
1137 Civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda over the succession to the English throne.

Prince Boleslave of Poland dies.

Tournament and Armistice of Arcos de Valdevez.

Prince Afonso Henriques becomes vassal to king Alfonso VII of Castile and Leon by award of Astorga.

Prince Afonso tries to conquer Lisbon from the Moors and fails.

France’s Louis VI dies, son becomes king Louis VII, marries Eleanor heiress of the duke of Aquitaine.

Prince of North Wales Gruffydd ap Cynab dies, sons Owain and Cadwaldar revive the power of the principality of

Gwynedd.

Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II dies.

Antioch is forced to pay homage to Byzantine emperor John II who conquered Cilian Armenia.

1138 Poland’s Boleslav III dies, dividing his realm between his five sons.

Civil war breaks out when Matilda lands in England with an army to begin the battle of the Standard near

Northallerton to reclaim England’s throne with aid from Scotland’s David I who is defeated but takes

Northumberland.

Swabia’s house of Hohenstaufen dominates German states with Conrad chosen as king.

1139 The Second Latern Council declares clerical marriages invalid, regulates all clerical dress, and punishes

clerics by excommunication.

Portugal becomes independent from the kingdom of Castile and Leon after the battle of Ourique and prince

Afonso becomes king Afobso I of Portugal. He assembles the estate generals at Lamego where he is crowned by the Bishop of Braganca.

1140 Knights Hospitaller receive land and privileges from King Afonso I of Portugal.

1141 English king Stephen is captured while sieging Lincoln castle and Matilda rules for six-months before Stephen’s

supporters effect his release.

1142 German king Conrad III signs peace with duke of Saxony, securing for Henry the Proud of Bavaria’s young son

young Henry his duchy.

English Queen Matilda is expelled from Oxford after siege by Stephen who forces her to take refuge in western

part of country where anarchy reigns for five years.

Leiria of Portugal receives town privileges and rights.

The Muslim Kohran first translated into Latin.

1143 Pope Innocent II dies.

Byzantine emperor John II dies, son rules as Manuel I.

King of Jerusalem Foulkes le Jeunne dies, and son Geoffrey of Anjou, becomes duke of Normandy

King Afonso I of Portugal declares himself vassal to Pope Innocent II, placing kingdom of Portugal as well as

himself under protection of the Holy See.

1144 The Order of Cistercians moves to Protugal at Tarouca.

1146 Prince Boleslave the Curly is senior prince, ruling Krakow.

King Afonso I of Portugal marries the daughter, Maud Savoy, of count Amadeus III of Savoy.

1147 France’s Louis VII and German Conrad III begin the Second Crusade to retaliate the fall of Edessa.

The armies of King Afonso I of Portugal join with the Crusaders from England to siege Lisbon.

First reference to Moscow.

Marrakesh falls to Almohad forces ending eighty-year rule in North Africa and Spain.

Sicily’s Roger II seizes the Greek Isles and attacks Athens, Thebes, Corinth. The Byzantine Empire and Sicily go

to war.

1148 Byzantine emperor Manuel I buys Venetian support to resist the fleets of Norman’s Sicily’s Roger II.

Italian silk industry is started by Roger II at Palermo.

Returning Crusaders bring back sugar from Middle East.

1149 Venetians regain Corfu for the Byzantines.

1150 Glasgow Faire is eight days long.

Sweden’s Sverker is deposed, succeeded by Eric IX.

Chinese caravan leaders use magnetic compasses to guide them.

University of Paris begins.

Black Book of Carmarthen is complied in Wales.

1151 Duke Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou dies, son Henry becomes king and Duke of Normandy.

1152 King Conrad III dies, nephew duke of Swabia becomes king Frederick III (Barbarossa)

France’s king Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine’s fifteen year marriage is annulled. She then marries Henry

Plantagenet, gaining her lands that make him duke of more than half of France.

1153 Scotland’s David I dies, grandson rules as Malcolm IV.

1154 England’s King Stephen dies, and Henry II becomes king.

Damascus surrenders to sultan Nur ad-Din of Aleppo.

Roger II of Sicily dies, fourth son William becomes king.

1155 England’s King Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms, restoring the royal demesne.

Pope Adrian gives Ireland to Henry II.

Crusader Bertold of Calabria found the Carmelit Order of mendicant monks.

1156 Somerled defeats Norse King of Man, ending Viking rule of Western Scotland.

King Frederick III makes Austria a duchy and Bohemia a kingdom.

William of Sicily defeats the Byzantine fleet at Brindisi, and Pope Adrian confirms him as king.

1157 English King Richard the Lionheart is born.

King Frederick Barbarossa invades Poland.

The Diet of Besancon grants the Bohemian Duke Boleslave IV to call himself king.

Sweden’s Eric IX conquers Finland.

Castile and Leon’s Holy Roman Emperor Alfonso VII dies, son becomes Sanchez III with brother of Leon

breaking from Castile to become king Fernando II.

Lubeck is founded on the Baltic beginning of the baker and other guilds.

1158 The Hanseatic League is founded, establishing new trade for North and Western Europe.

1159 The only English Pope, Adrian IV, dies.

The castle of Cera in Tomar Portugal is donated to the Knight Templars.

English army led by Thomas Becket invades Toulous on behalf of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, but is defeated.

1160 Arabs expel Normans from North Africa.

1162 Frederick Barbarossa III destroys Milan.

Archbishop of Canterbury dies and King Henry II installs chancellor Thomas Becket.

1163 Nortre Dame de Paris first cornerstone is laid for construction.

1164 Lord of the Isles, Somerled, is defeated in Battle of Rendrew.

King Henry II has Constitutions of Carendon drawn up to limit spiritual jurisdictions, and Archbishop of

Canterbury Thomas Becket flees to France to persuade Pope Alexander III to condemn them.

1165 King Afonso I’s daughter, princess Urrace of Portugal, marries King Ferdinand II of Leon.

Byzantine emperor Manuel I aligns with Venice against Frederick Barbarossa who supports antipope Pacahall III.

Scotland’s Malcolm IV dies, brother Will the Lion becomes king.

1166 Sicily’s William I the Bad dies, son Rules as William II

City official Saladin builds the Cairo citadel.

1167 German king Frederick Barbarossa enters Rome, installs antipope Pacshal III, and crowns himself and wife

Beatrix before plague drives him back to Germany.

Copenhagen is founded by archbishop and Danish soldier Axel.

England’s Oxford university construction begins.

1168 Danish King Valdemar the Great destroys Arcona.

1169 First Normans land in Ireland.

King Afonso I of Portugal grants the Knight Templars one-third of all they conquer.

1170 England’s king Henry II deliberately has himself crowned by the Archbishop of York violating the rights of the

Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket. Pope Alexander forces Henry to reconcile with Thomas Beckett.

He returns to England after 6 years in France only to be assassinated at Canterbury cathedral.

Inquest of Sheiffs strengthens Exchequer’s inquiries.

1171 Ireland’s deposed king Dermot MacMurrough of Leinster request England’s Henry II aid and he lands at

Waterford where he is hailed as Lord of Ireland and claims the country his.

Saladin becomes Vizier of Cairo after abolishing caliph Fatimid, making Egypt center of Muslin culture.

1172 England’s King Henry II receives homage at Tipperary’s Caskel Rock from Irish princes.

Eleanor of Aquitaine wars against her husband Henry II.

Venetian Grand Council restricts powers of the Doges.

1173 England’s king Henry II captures wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and sons Henry, Richard and Geoffrey lead a rebellion against him, with the House of Commons granting Henry their aid.

Hungary’s Stephen III dies, succeeded by Bela III.

1174 The kingdom of Aragon recognizes Portugal as independent.

German king Frederick Barbarossa purchases Corsica, Spoleto, Sardinia, and Tuscany from Henry’s uncle Welf Vi.

England’s Henry II does penance at Canterbury for murdering Thomas Becket who was Sainted last year.

Pope Alexander III in a papal bull decrees Alfonso I as king and Portugal as an independent country of Castile or

Leon attempts of annexation.

William the Lion makes Glasgow an Episcopal burg of Barony, granting Bishop Jocelyn a charter.

Monks at Engelberg monastery cut wood blocks for printing.

Leaning Tower of Pisa is begun.

1175 Persian sultan Muizz ad-din Mohammed of Ghor invades India.

1176 German king Frederick Barbarossa sustains a wound during the battle of Legnano.

Egyptian sultan Saladin conquers Syria then wars against the Christians to rid them from Jerusalem.

Welch monk and cleric Walter Map organizes the legends of King Arthur and his knights.

The Welch Bards begin the Eisterddfod Festival where drama, music, poetry competition is held annually.

1177 German King Frederick Barbarossa and Pople Alexander III sign Treaty of Venice b ringing peace between

Lombard League and Holy Roman emperor.

France’s king Louis VII and England’s king Henry II sign Treaty of Ivy.

Chanpa invaders take Khmer capital of Angkor Wat.

At mouth of Lagan river John de Courcy builds a castle and founds Belfast in Northern Ireland.

1178 German king Frederic Barbarossa is crowned king of Burgundy at Arles.

1179 The Third Lateran Council is formed limiting papal electees to cardinals alone, and forbid promoting of anyone to the episcopate before the age of thirty.

King Ferdinand II of Leon disowns his wife, Urraca of Portugal.

1180 France’s king Louis VII dies, son rules as Philip II Augustus.

Byzantine emperor Manuel I dies, son rules with mother Maria of Antioch as regent.

English manors begin having glass windows.

1182 Denmark’s Waldemar the Great dies, son will rule as Canute VI king of the Danes and Wends.

France banishes all Jews.

1183 Byzantine emperor Alexius II is assassinated by uncle who rules as Andronicus I.

Sultan Saladin takes Aleppo.

1184 The Inquisitions begin.

The Almohad Caliph Usuf I dies, succeeded by Abu